HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH
by
Philip Schaff
Christianus sum: Christiani nihil a me alienus puto.
Volume 1: Apostolic Christianity, a.d. 1-100
Prefaces to Volume 1
General Introduction
§ 1. Nature of Church History
§ 2. Branches of Church History
§ 3. Sources of Church History
§ 4. Periods of Church History
§ 5. Uses of Church History
§ 6. Duty of the Historian
§ 7. Literature of Church History
From the Birth of Christ to the Death of St. John, a.d. 1-100
Chapter I: Preparation for Christianity in the History of the Jewish and Heathen World.
§ 8. Central Position of Christ in the History of the World
§ 9. Judaism
§ 10. The Law, and the Prophecy
§ 11. Heathenism
§ 12. Grecian Literature, and the Roman Empire
§ 13. Judaism and Heathenism in Contact
Chapter II: Jesus Christ
§ 14. Sources and Literature
§ 15. The Founder of Christianity
§ 16. Chronology of the Life of Christ
§ 17. The Land and the People
§ 18. Apocryphal Tradition
§ 19. The Resurrection of Christ
Chapter III: The Apostolic Age
§ 20. Sources and Literature of the Apostolic Age
§ 21. General Character of the Apostolic Age
§ 22. The Critical Reconstruction of the History of the Apostolic Age
§ 23. Chronology of the Apostolic Age
Chapter IV: St. Peter and the Conversion of the Jews
§ 24. The Miracle of Pentecost and the Birthday of the Christian Church. a.d. 30
§ 25. The Church of Jerusalem and the Labors of Peter
§ 26. The Peter of History and the Peter of Fiction
§ 27. James the Brother of the Lord
§ 28. Preparation for the Mission to the Gentiles
Chapter V: St. Paul and the Conversion of the Gentiles
§ 29. Sources and Literature on St. Paul and his Work
§ 30. Paul before his Conversion
§ 31. The Conversion of Paul
§ 32. The Work of Paul
§ 33. Paul’s Missionary Labors
§ 34. The Synod of Jerusalem, and the Compromise between Jewish and Gentile Christianity
§ 35. The Conservative Reaction, and the Liberal Victory — Peter and Paul at Antioch
§ 36. Christianity in Rome
Chapter VI: The Great Tribulation. (Mat_21:21.)
§ 37. The Roman Conflagration and the Neronian Persecution
§ 38. The Jewish War and the Destruction of Jerusalem. a.d. 70
§ 39. Effects of the Destruction of Jerusalem on the Christian Church
Chapter VII: St. John, and the Last Stadium of the Apostolic Period. The Consolidation of Jewish and Gentile Christianity.
§ 40. The Johannean Literature
§ 41. Life and Character of John
§ 42. Apostolic Labors of John
§ 43. Traditions Respecting John
Chapter VIII: Christian Life in the Apostolic Church
§ 44. The Power of Christianity
§ 45. The Spiritual Gifts
§ 46. Christianity in Individuals
§ 47. Christianity and the Family
§ 48. Christianity and Slavery
§ 49. Christianity and Society
§ 50. Spiritual Condition of the Congregations. — The Seven Churches in Asia
Chapter IX: Worship in the Apostolic Age
§ 51. The Synagogue
§ 52. Christian Worship
§ 53. The Several Parts of Worship
§ 54. Baptism
§ 55. The Lord’s Supper
§ 56. Sacred Places
§ 57. Sacred Times — The Lord’s Day
Chapter X: Organization of the Apostolic Church
§ 58. Literature
§ 59. The Christian Ministry, and its Relation to the Christian Community
§ 60. Apostles, Prophets, Evangelists
§ 61. Presbyters or Bishops. The Angels of the Seven Churches. James of Jerusalem
§ 62. Deacons and Deaconesses
§ 63. Church Discipline
§ 64. The Council at Jerusalem
§ 65. The Church and the Kingdom of Christ
Chapter XI: Theology of the Apostolic Church
§ 66. Literature
§ 67. Unity of Apostolic Teaching
§ 68. Different Types of Apostolic Teaching
§ 69. The Jewish Christian Theology — I. James and the Gospel of Law
§ 70. II. Peter and the Gospel of Hope
§ 71. The Gentile Christian Theology. Paul and the Gospel of Faith
§ 72. John and the Gospel of Love
§ 73. Heretical Perversions of the Apostolic Teaching
Chapter XII: The New Testament
§ 74. Literature
§ 75. Rise of the Apostolic Literature
§ 76. Character of the New Testament
§ 77. Literature on the Gospels
§ 78. The Four Gospels
§ 79. The Synoptists
§ 80. Matthew
§ 81. Mark
§ 82. Luke
§ 83. John
§ 84. Critical Review of the Johannean Problem
§ 85. The Acts of the Apostles
§ 86. The Epistles
§ 87. The Catholic Epistles
§ 88. The Epistles of Paul
§ 89. The Epistles to the Thessalonians
§ 90. The Epistles to the Corinthians
§ 91. The Epistles to the Galatians
§ 92. The Epistle to the Romans
§ 93. The Epistles of the Captivity
§ 94. The Epistle to the Colossians
§ 95. The Epistle to the Ephesians
§ 96. Colossians and Ephesians Compared and Vindicated
§ 97. The Epistle to the Philippians
§ 98. The Epistle to Philemon
§ 99. The Pastoral Epistles
§ 100. The Epistle to the Hebrews
§ 101. The Apocalypse
§ 102. Concluding Reflections. Faith and Criticism
Volume 2: Ante-Nicene Christianity a.d. 100-325
Prefaces to Volume 2
Introduction
§ 1. General Literature on the Ante-Nicene Age
§ 2. General Character of Ante-Nicene Christianity
Chapter I: Spread of Christianity
§ 3. Literature
§ 4. Hindrances and Helps
§ 5. Causes of the Success of Christianity
§ 6. Means of Propagation
§ 7. Extent of Christianity in the Roman Empire
§ 8. Christianity in Asia
§ 9. Christianity in Egypt
§ 10. Christianity in North Africa
§ 11. Christianity in Europe
Chapter II: Persecution of Christianity and Christian Martyrdom
§ 12. Literature
§ 13. General Survey
§ 14. Jewish Persecution
§ 15. Causes of Roman Persecution
§ 16. Condition of the Church Before the Reign of Trajan
§ 17. The Reign of Trajan. a.d. 98-117. Martyrdom of Ignatius
§ 18. Hadrian. a.d. 117-137
§ 19. Antoninus Pius. a.d. 137-161. Martyrdom of Polycarp
§ 20. Persecutions under Marcus Aurelius. a.d. 161-180
§ 21. From Septimius Severus to Philip the Arabian. a.d. 193-249
§ 22. Persecutions under Decius and Valerian. a.d. 249-260. Martyrdom of Cyprian
§ 23. Temporary Repose. a.d. 260-303
§ 24. The Diocletian Persecution. a.d. 303-311
§ 25. The Edicts of Toleration. a.d. 311-313
§ 26. Christian Martyrdom
§ 27. Rise of the Worship of Martyrs and Relics
Chapter III: Literary Contest of Christianity With Judaism and Heathenism
§ 28. Literature
§ 29. Literary Opposition to Christianity
§ 30. Jewish Opposition. Josephus and the Talmud
§ 31. Pagan Opposition. Tacitus and Pliny
§ 32. Direct Assaults. Celsus
§ 33. Lucian
§ 34. Neo-Platonism
§ 35. Porphyry and Hierocles
§ 36. Summary of the Objections to Christianity
§ 37. The Apologetic Literature of Christianity
§ 38. The Argument against Judaism
§ 39. The Argument against Heathenism
§ 40. The Positive Apology
Chapter IV: Organization and Discipline of the Church
§ 41. Progress in Consolidation
§ 42. Clergy and Laity
§ 43. New Church Officers
§ 44. Origin of the Episcopate
§ 45. Development of the Episcopate. Ignatius
§ 46. Episcopacy at the Time of Irenaeus and Tertullian
§ 47. Cyprianic Episcopacy
§ 48. The Pseudo-Clementine Episcopacy
§ 49. Beginnings of the Metropolitan and Patriarchal Systems
§ 50. Germs of the Papacy
§ 51. Chronology of the Popes
§ 52. List of the Roman Bishops and Roman Emperors during the First Three Centuries
§ 53. The Catholic Unity
§ 54. Councils
§ 55. The Councils of Elvira, Arles, and Ancyra
§ 56. Collections of Ecclesiastical Law. The Apostolic Constitutions and Canons
§ 57. Church Discipline
§ 58. Church Schisms
Chapter V: Christian Worship
§ 59. Places of Common Worship
§ 60. The Lord’s Day
§ 61. The Christian Passover (Easter)
§ 62. The Paschal Controversies
§ 63. Pentecost
§ 64. Epiphany
§ 65. The Order of Public Worship
§ 66. Parts of Worship. Reading of Scriptures. Sermons. Prayers. Hymns
§ 67. The Division of Divine Service. The Disciplina Arcani
§ 68. The Celebration of the Eucharist
§ 69. The Doctrine of the Eucharist
§ 70. The Celebration of Baptism
§ 71. The Doctrine of Baptism
§ 72. Catechetical Instruction and Confirmation
§ 73. Infant Baptism
§ 74. Heretical Baptism
Chapter VI: Beginnings of Christian Art
§ 75. Literature
§ 76. Origin of Christian Art
§ 77. The Cross and the Crucifix
§ 78. Other Christian Symbols
§ 79. Historical and Allegorical Pictures
§ 80. Allegorical Representations of Christ
§ 81. Pictures of the Virgin Mary
Chapter VII: The Church in the Catacombs
§ 82. Literature
§ 83. Origin and History of the Catacombs
§ 84. Description of the Catacombs
§ 85. Pictures and Sculptures
§ 86. Epitaphs
§ 87. Lessons of the Catacombs
Chapter VIII: The Christian Life in Contrast with Pagan Corruption
§ 88. Literature
§ 89. Moral Corruption in the Roman Empire
§ 90. Stoic Morality
§ 91. Epictetus
§ 92. Marcus Aurelius
§ 93. Plutarch
§ 94. Christian Morality
§ 95. The Church and Public Amusements
§ 96. Secular Callings and Civil Duties
§ 97. The Church and Slavery
§ 98. The Heathen Family
§ 99. The Christian Family
§ 100. Brotherly Love and Love for Enemies
§ 101. Prayer and Fasting
§ 102. Treatment of the Dead
§ 103. Summary of Moral Reforms
Chapter IX: Ascetic Tendencies
§ 104. Ascetic Virtue and Piety
§ 105. Heretical and Catholic Asceticism
§ 106. Voluntary Poverty
§ 107. Voluntary Celibacy
§ 108. Celibacy of the Clergy
Chapter X: Montanism
§ 109. Literature
§ 110. External History of Montanism
§ 111. Character and Tenets of Montanism
Chapter XI: The Heresies of the Ante-Nicene Age
§ 112. Judaism and Heathenism within the Church
§ 113. Nazarenes and Ebionites. (Elkesaites, Mandaeans.)
§ 114. The Pseudo-Clementine Ebionism
§ 115. Gnosticism. The Literature
§ 116. Meaning, Origin and Character of Gnosticism
§ 117. System of Gnosticism. Its Theology
§ 118. Ethics of Gnosticism
§ 119. Cultus and Organization
§ 120. Schools of Gnosticism
§ 121. Simon Magus and the Simonians
§ 122. The Nicolaitans
§ 123. Cerinthus
§ 124. Basilides
§ 125. Valentinus
§ 126. The School of Valentinus, Heracleon, Ptolemy, Marcos, Bardesanes, Harmonius
§ 127. Marcion and his School
§ 128. The Ophites. The Sethites, Peratae, and Cainites
§ 129. Saturninus (Satornilos)
§ 130. Carpocrates
§ 131. Tatian and the Encratites
§ 132. Justin the Gnostic
§ 133. Hermogenes
§ 134. Other Gnostic Sects
§ 135. Mani and the Manichaeans
§ 136. The Manichaean System
Chapter XII: The Development of Catholic Theology
§ 137. Catholic Orthodoxy
§ 138. The Holy Scriptures and the Canon
§ 139. Catholic Tradition
§ 140. The Rule of Faith and the Apostles’ Creed
§ 141. Variations of the Apostles’ Creed. Tables
§ 142. God and the Creation
§ 143. Man and the Fall
§ 144. Christ and the Incarnation
§ 145. The Divinity of Christ
§ 146. The Humanity of Christ
§ 147. The Relation of the Divine and Human in Christ
§ 148. The Holy Spirit
§ 149. The Holy Trinity
§ 150. Antitrinitarians. — First Class: The Alogi, Theodotus, Artemon, Paul of Samosata
§ 151. Antitrinitarians. — Second Class: Praxeas. Noetus, Callistus, Beryllus
§ 152. Sabellianism
§ 153. Redemption
§ 154. Other Doctrines
§ 155. Eschatology. Immortality and Resurrection
§ 156. Between Death and Resurrection
§ 157. After Judgment. Future Punishment
§ 158. Chiliasm
Chapter XIII: Ecclesiastical Literature of the Ante-Nicene Age, and Biographical Sketches of the Church Fathers
§ 159. Literature
§ 160. A General Estimate of the Fathers
§ 161. The Apostolic Fathers
§ 162. Clement of Rome
§ 163. The Pseudo-Clementine Writings
§ 164. Ignatius of Antioch
§ 165. The Ignatian Controversy
§ 166. Polycarp of Smyrna
§ 167. Barnabas
§ 168. Hermas
§ 169. Papias
§ 170. The Epistle to Diognetus
§ 171. Sixtus of Rome
§ 172. The Apologists. Quadratus and Aristides
§ 173. Justin the Philosopher and Martyr
§ 174. The Other Greek Apologists. Tatian
§ 175. Athenagoras
§ 176. Theophilus of Antioch
§ 177. Melito of Sardis
§ 178. Apolinarius of Hierapolis. Miltiades
§ 179. Hermias
§ 180. Hegesippus
§ 181. Dionysius of Corinth
§ 182. Irenaeus
§ 183. Hippolytus
§ 184. Caius of Rome
§ 185. The Alexandrian School of Theology
§ 186. Clement of Alexandria
§ 187. Origen
§ 188. The Works of Origen
§ 189. The School of Origen. Gregory Thaumaturgus
§ 190. Dionysius the Great
§ 191. Julius Africanus
§ 192. Minor Divines of the Greek Church
§ 193. Opponents of Origen. Methodius
§ 194. Lucian of Antioch
§ 195. The Antiochian School
§ 196. Tertullian and the African School
§ 197. The Writings of Tertullian
§ 198. Minucius Felix
§ 199. Cyprian
§ 200. Novatian
§ 201. Commodian
§ 202. Arnobius
§ 203. Victorinus
§ 204. Eusebius, Lactantius, Hosius
Volume 3: Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity
Prefaces to Volume 3
Third Period: From Constantine the Great to Gregory the Great, a.d. 311-590
Sources and Literature
§ 1. Introduction and General View
Chapter I: Downfall of Heathenism and Victory of Christianity in the Roman Empire
Sources and Literature
§ 2. Constantine the Great: a.d. 306-337
§ 3. The Sons of Constantine: a.d. 337-361
§ 4. Julian the Apostate, and the Reaction of Paganism: a.d. 361-363
§ 5. From Jovian to Theodosius: a.d. 363-392
§ 6. Theodosius the Great and His Successors: a.d. 392-550
§ 7. The Downfall of Heathenism
Chapter II: The Literary Triumph of Christianity over Greek and Roman Heathenism
Sources and Literature
§ 8. Heathen Polemics. New Objections
§ 9. Julian’s Attack upon Christianity
§ 10. The Heathen Apologetic Literature
§ 11. Christian Apologetics and Polemics
§ 12. Augustine’s City of God. Salvianus
Chapter III: Alliance of Church and State, and its Influence on Public Morals and Religion
Sources and Literature
§ 13. The New Position of the Church in the Empire
§ 14. Rights and Privileges of the Church. Secular Advantages
§ 15. Support of the Clergy
§ 16. Episcopal Jurisdiction and Intercession
§ 17. Legal Sanction of Sunday. The Civil Sabbath
§ 18. Influence of Christianity on Civil Legislation. The Justinian Code
§ 19. Elevation of Woman and the Family
§ 20. Social Reforms. The State-Church and Slavery. Care of the Poor and Unfortunate
§ 21. Abolition of Gladiatorial Shows
§ 22. Evils of the Union of Church and State. Secularization of the Church
§ 23. Worldliness and Extravagance
§ 24. Byzantine Court-Christianity
§ 25. Intrusion of Politics into Religion
§ 26. The Emperor-Papacy and the Hierarchy
§ 27. Restriction of Religious Freedom, and Persecution of Heretics
Chapter IV: Monasticism
Sources and Literature
§ 28. Origin of Christian Monasticism. Comparison with Other Forms of Asceticism
§ 29. Development of Monasticism
§ 30. Nature and Aim of Monasticism
§ 31. Monasticism and the Bible
§ 32. Lights and Shades of Monastic Life
§ 33. Position of Monks in the Church
§ 34. Influence and Effect of Monasticism
§ 35. Paul of Thebes and St. Anthony
§ 36. Spread of Anchoritism. Hilarion
§ 37. Symeon and the Pillar-Saints
§ 38. Pachomius and the Cloister Life
§ 39. Fanatical and Heretical Monastic Societies in the East
§ 40. Monasticism in the West. Athanasius, Ambrose, Augustine, Martin of Tours
§ 41. St. Jerome as Monk
§ 42. St. Paula
§ 43. St. Benedict of Nursia
§ 44. The Rule of St. Benedict
§ 45. The Benedictines. Cassiodorus
§ 46. Opposition to Monasticism. Jovinian
§ 47. Helvidius, Vigilantius, and Aërius
Chapter V: The Hierarchy and Polity of the Church
§ 48. Schools of the Clergy
§ 49. Clergy and Laity. Elections
§ 50. Marriage and Celibacy of the Clergy
§ 51. Moral Character of the Clergy in General
§ 52. The Lower Clergy
§ 53. The Bishops
§ 54. Organization of the Hierarchy. Country-Bishops, City-Bishops, and Metropolitans
§ 55. The Patriarchs
§ 56. Synodical Legislation on the Patriarchal Sees
§ 57. The Rival Patriarchs of Old and New Rome
§ 58. The Latin Patriarch
§ 59. Conflicts and Conquests of the Latin Patriarchate
§ 60. The Papacy
§ 61. Opinions of the Fathers
§ 62. Decrees of Councils on Papal Authority
§ 63. Leo the Great: a.d. 440-461
§ 64. The Papacy from Leo I. to Gregory I.: a.d. 461-590
§ 65. The Synodical System. Ecumenical Councils
§ 66. List of the Ecumenical Councils
§ 67. Books of Ecclesiastical Law
Chapter VI: Church Discipline and Schisms
§ 68. Decline of Discipline
§ 69. The Schism of the Donatists. External History
§ 70. Augustine and the Donatists. Their Persecution and Extinction
§ 71. Internal History of the Donatist Schism. Dogma of the Church
§ 72. The Roman Schism of Damasus and Ursinus
§ 73. The Meletian Schism at Antioch
Chapter VII: Public Worship and Religious Customs and Ceremonies
§ 74. The Revolution in Cultus
§ 75. The Civil and Religious Sunday
§ 76. The Church Year
§ 77. The Christmas Cycle
§ 78. The Easter Cycle
§ 79. The Time of Easter
§ 80. The Cycle of Pentecost
§ 81. The Exaltation of the Virgin. Mariology
§ 82. Mariolatry
§ 83. The Festivals of Mary
§ 84. The Worship of Martyrs and Saints
§ 85. Festivals of the Saints
§ 86. The Calendar. The Legends of the Saints. Acta Sanctorum
§ 87. Worship of Relics. Dogma of the Resurrection
§ 88. Observations on the Miracles of the Nicene Age
§ 89. Processions and Pilgrimages
§ 90. Public Worship of the Lord’s Day. Scripture Reading and Preaching
§ 91. The Sacraments in General
§ 92. Baptism
§ 93. Confirmation
§ 94. Ordination
§ 95. The Sacrament of the Eucharist
§ 96. The Sacrifice of the Eucharist
§ 97. The Celebration of the Eucharist
§ 98. The Liturgies. Their Origin and Contents
§ 99. The Oriental Liturgies
§ 100. The Occidental Liturgies
§ 101. Liturgical Vestments
Chapter VIII: Christian Art
§ 102. Religion and Art
§ 103. Church Architecture
§ 104. Consecration of Churches
§ 105. Interior Arrangement of Churches
§ 106. Architectural Style. The Basilicas
§ 107. The Byzantine Style
§ 108. Baptisteries, Grave-Chapels and Crypts
§ 109. Crosses and Crucifixes
§ 110. Images of Christ
§ 111. Images of Madonna and Saints
§ 112. Consecrated Gifts
§ 113. Church Poetry and Music
§ 114. The Poetry of the Oriental Church
§ 115. The Latin Hymn
§ 116. Latin Poets and Hymns
Chapter IX: Theology. Development of the Ecumenical Orthodoxy
§ 117. General Observations. Doctrinal Importance of the Period. Influence of the Ancient Philosophy
§ 118. Sources of Theology. Scripture and Tradition
I. — The Trinitarian Controversies
General Literature of the Arian Controversy
§ 119. The Arian Controversy Down to the Council of Nicaea (318-325)
§ 120. The Council of Nicaea: a.d. 325
§ 121. The Arian and Semi-Arian Reaction: a.d. 325-361
§ 122. The Final Victory of Orthodoxy, and the Council of Constantinople: a.d. 381
§ 123. The Theological Principles Involved: Import of the Controversy
§ 124. Arianism
§ 125. Semi-Arianism
§ 126. Revived Sabellianism. Marcellus and Photinus
§ 127. The Nicene Doctrine of the Homoousion
§ 128. The Doctrine of the Holy Spirit
§ 129. The Nicene and Constantinopolitan Creed
§ 130. The Nicene Doctrine of the Trinity. The Trinitarian Terminology
§ 131. The Post-Nicene Doctrine of the Trinity
§ 132. The Athanasian Creed
II. — The Origenistic Controversies
§ 133. The Origenistic Controversy in Palestine. Epiphanius, Rufinus, and Jerome: a.d. 394-399
§ 134. The Origenistic Controversy in Egypt and Constantinople. Theophilus and Chrysostomus: a.d. 399-407
III. — The Christological Controversies
§ 135. General View. The Alexandrian and Antiochian Schools
§ 136. The Apollinarian Heresy: a.d. 362-381
§ 137. The Nestorian Controversy: a.d. 428-431
§ 138. The Ecumenical Council of Ephesus: a.d. 431. The Compromise
§ 139. The Nestorians
§ 140. The Eutychian Controversy. The Council of Robbers: a.d. 449
§ 141. The Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon: a.d. 451
§ 142. The Orthodox Christology. Analysis and Criticism
§ 143. The Monophysite Controversy
§ 144. The Three Chapters and the Fifth Ecumenical Council: a.d. 553
§ 145. The Monophysite Sects: Jacobites, Copts, Abyssinians, Armenians, Maronites
IV. — The Anthropological Controversies
Works on the Pelagian Controversy
§ 146. Character of the Pelagian Controversy
§ 147. External History of the Pelagian Controversy: a.d. 411-431
§ 148. The Pelagian Controversy in Palestine
§ 149. Position of the Roman Church. Condemnation of Pelagianism
§ 150. The Pelagian System: Primitive State and Freedom of Man; the Fall
§ 151. The Pelagian System Continued: Doctrine of Human Ability and Divine Grace
§ 152. The Augustinian System: the Primitive State of Man and Free Will
§ 153. The Augustinian System Continued: the Fall and its Consequences
§ 154. The Augustinian System Continued: Original Sin and the Origin of the Soul
§ 155. Arguments for the Doctrine of Original Sin and Hereditary Guilt
§ 156. Answers to Pelagian Objections
§ 157. Augustine’s Doctrine of Redeeming Grace
§ 158. The Doctrine of Predestination
§ 159. Semi-Pelagianism and Semi-Augustinianism
§ 160. Victory of Semi-Augustinianism. Council of Orange: a.d. 529
Chapter X: Church Fathers, and Theological Literature
I. — The Greek Fathers
§ 161. Eusebius of Caesarea
§ 162. The Church Historians after Eusebius
§ 163. Athanasius the Great
§ 164. Basil the Great
§ 165. Gregory of Nyssa
§ 166. Gregory Nazianzen
§ 167. Didymus of Alexandria
§ 168. Cyril of Jerusalem
§ 169. Epiphanius and the Haereseologues
§ 170. John Chrysostom
§ 171. Cyril of Alexandria
§ 172. Ephraem the Syrian
II. — The Latin Fathers
§ 173. Lactantius
§ 174. Hilary of Poitiers
§ 175. Ambrose
§ 176. Jerome as a Divine and Scholar
§ 177. The Works of Jerome
§ 178. Augustine
§ 179. The Works of Augustine
§ 180. The Influence of Augustine upon Posterity and his Relation to Catholicism and Protestantism
Volume 4: Medieval Christianity from a.d. 590-1049
Chapter I: General Introduction to Medieval Church History
§ 1. Sources and Literature
§ 2. The Middle Age. Limits and General Character
§ 3. The Nations of Medieval Christianity, Kelt, Teuton, Slav
§ 4. Genius of Medieval Christianity
§ 5. Periods of the Middle Age
Fourth Period: The Church Among the Barbarians. From Gregory I to Gregory VII a.d. 590-1049 (1073)
Chapter II: The Conversion of the Northern and Western Barbarians
§ 6. Character of Medieval Missions
I. The Conversion of England, Ireland, and Scotland
§ 7. Literature
§ 8. The Britons
§ 9. The Anglo-Saxons
§ 10. The Mission of Gregory and Augustin. Conversion of Kent
§ 11. Antagonism of the Saxon and British Clergy
§ 12. Conversion of the other Kingdoms of the Heptarchy
§ 13. Conformity to Rome Established. Wilfrid, Theodore, Bede
§ 14. Conversion of Ireland. St. Patrick, St. Bridget, (Critical Note on St. Patrick)
§ 15. The Irish Church After St. Patrick
§ 16. Subjection of Ireland to English and Roman Rule
§ 17. Conversion of Scotland. St. Ninian and St. Kentigern
§ 18. St. Columba and the Monastery of Iona
§ 19. The Culdees
§ 20. Extinction of the Keltic Church, and Triumph of Rome under King David
II. The Conversion of France, Germany, and Adjacent Countries
General Literature
§ 21. Arian Christianity Among the Goths and Other German Tribes
§ 22. Conversion of Clovis and the Franks
§ 23. Columbanus and the Irish Missionaries on the Continent
§ 24. German Missionaries before Boniface
§ 25. Boniface, the Apostle of Germany
§ 26. Pupils of Boniface. Willibald, Gregory of Utrecht, Sturm of Fulda
§ 27. Conversion of the Saxons. Charlemagne and Alcuin. The Heliand and the Gospel Harmony
III. The Conversion of Scandinavia
General Literature
§ 28. Scandinavian Heathenism
§ 29. Christianization of Denmark. St. Ansgar
§ 30. Christianization of Sweden
§ 31. Christianization of Norway and Iceland
IV. The Christianization of the Slavs
§ 32. General Survey
§ 33. Christian Missions among the Wends
§ 34. Cyrillus and Methodius, the Apostles of the Slavs. Christianization of Moravia, Bohemia and Poland
§ 35. Conversion of the Bulgarians
§ 36. Conversion of the Magyars
§ 37. Christianization of Russia
Chapter III: Mohammedanism in its Relation to Christianity
§ 38. Literature
§ 39. Statistics and Chronological Table
§ 40. Position of Mohammedanism in Church History
§ 41. The Home, and the Antecedents of Islam
§ 42. Life and Character of Mohammed
§ 43. The Conquests of Islam
§ 44. The Koran and the Bible
§ 45. The Mohammedan Religion
§ 46. Mohammedan Worship
§ 47. Christian Polemics against Islam. Note on Mormonism
Chapter IV: Papal Hierarchy and the Holy Roman Empire
§ 48. General Literature on the Papacy
§ 49. Chronological Table of the Popes, Anti-Popes and Emperors From Gregory I. a.d. 590 to Leo. XIII. a.d. 1878
§ 50. Gregory the Great. a.d. 590-604
§ 51. Gregory and the Univeral Episcopate
§ 52. The Writings of Gregory
§ 53. The Papacy From Gregory I. to Gregory II. a.d. 604-715
§ 54. From Gregory II. to Zacharias. a.d. 715-741
§ 55. Alliance of the Papacy with the New Monarchy of the Franks. Pepin and the Patrimony of St. Peter. a.d. 741-755
§ 56. Charlemagne. a.d. 768-814
§ 57. Founding of the Holy Roman Empire. a.d. 800. Charlemagne and Leo III.
§ 58. Survey of the History of the Holy Roman Empire
§ 59. The Papacy and the Empire From the Death of Charlemagne to Nicolas I. a.d. 814-858. Myth of the Papess Joan
§ 60. The Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals
§ 61. Nicolas I. April, 858-Nov. 13, 867
§ 62. Hadrian II. and John VIII., a.d. 867-882
§ 63. Degradation of the Papacy in the Tenth Century
§ 64. Interference of Otho the Great
§ 65. Second Degradation of the Papacy From Otho I. to Henry III. a.d. 973-1046
§ 66. Henry III. and the Synod of Sutri. Deposition of Three Rival Popes a.d. 1046
Chapter V: The Conflict of the Eastern and Western Churches and Their Separation
§ 67. Sources and Literature on the Oriental Schism
§ 68. Consensus and Dissensus Between the Greek and Latin Churches
§ 69. Causes of Separation
§ 70. The Patriarch and the Pope. Photius and Nicolas
§ 71. Progress and Completion of the Schism. Cerularius. 1054
§ 72. Fruitless Attempts at Reunion
Chapter VI: Morals and Religion
§ 73. Literature
§ 74. General Character of Medieval Morals
§ 75. Clerical Morals
§ 76. Domestic Life
§ 77. Slavery
§ 78. Feuds and Private War. The Truce of God
§ 79. The Ordeal
§ 80. The Torture
§ 81. Christian Charity
Chapter VII: Monasticism
§ 82. Use of Convents in the Middle Ages
§ 83. St. Benedict, St. Nilus, St. Romuald
§ 84. The Convent of Cluny
Chapter VIII: Church Discipline
§ 85. The Penitential Books
§ 86. Ecclesiastical Punishments. Excommunication, Anthema, Interdict
§ 87. Penance and Indulgence
Chapter IX: Church and State
§ 88. Legislation
§ 89. The Roman Law
§ 90. The Capitularies of Charlemagne
§ 91. English Legislation
Chapter X: Worship and Ceremonies
§ 92. The Mass
§ 93. The Sermon
§ 94. Church Poetry. Greek Hymns and Hymnists
§ 95. Latin Hymnody. Literature
§ 96. Latin Hymns and Hymnists
§ 97. The Seven Sacraments
§ 98. The Organ and the Bell
§ 99. The Worship of Saints
§ 100. The Worship of Images. Literature. Different Theories
§ 101. The Iconoclastic War, and the Synod of 754
§ 102. The Restoration of Image-Worship and the Seventh Ecumenical Council, a.d. 787
§ 103. Iconoclastic Reaction and Final Triumph of Image-Worship a.d. 842
§ 104. The Caroline Books and the Frankish Church
§ 105. Evangelical Reformers. Agobard of Lyons and Claudius of Turin
Chapter XI: Doctrinal Controversies
§ 106. General Survey
§ 107. I. The Procession of the Holy Spirit
§ 108. The Arguments for and against the Filioque
§ 109. II. The Monotheletic Controversy. Literature
§ 110. The Doctrine of Two Wills in Christ
§ 111. History of Monotheletism and Dyotheletism
§ 112. The Sixth Ecumenical Council. a.d. 680
§ 113. The Heresy of Honorius
§ 114. Concilium Quinisextum, a.d. 692
§ 115. Reaction of Monotheletism. The Maronites
§ 116. III. The Adoptionist Controversy. Literature
§ 117. History of Adoptionism
§ 118. Doctrine of Adoptionism
§ 119. IV. The Predestinarian Controversy. Literature
§ 120. Gottschalk and Rabanus Maurus
§ 121. Gottschalk and Hincmar
§ 122. The Contending Theories of Predestination, and the Victory of Semi-Augustinianism
§ 123. The Doctrine of Scotus Erigena on Predestination and Free Will
§ 124. V. The Eucharistic Controversies. Literature
§ 125. The Two Theories of the Lord’s Supper
§ 126. The Theory of Paschasius Radbertus
§ 127. The Theory of Ratramnus
§ 128. The Berengar Controversy
§ 129. Berengar’s Theory of the Lord’s Supper
§ 130. Lanfranc and the Triumph of Transubstantiation
Chapter XII: Heretical Sects
§ 131. The Paulicians
§ 132. The Euchites and other Sects in the East
§ 133. The New Manichaeans in the West
Chapter XIII: The State of Learning
§ 134. Literature
§ 135. Literary Character of the Early Middle Ages
§ 136. Learning in the Eastern Church
§ 137. Christian Platonism and the Pseudo-Dionysian Writings
§ 138. Ignorance in the West
§ 139. Educational Efforts of the Latin Church
§ 140. Charles the Great, and Charles the Bald
§ 141. King Alfred, and Education in England
Chapter XIV: Biographical Sketches of the Ecclesiastical Writers
§ 142. Chronologist List of the Principal Ecclesiastical Writers from the Sixth to the Twelfth Century
I. Greek Authors
§ 143. St. Maximus Confessor
§ 144. St. John of Damascus
§ 145. Photius
§ 146. Simeon Metaphrastes
§ 147. Oecumenius
§ 148. Theophylact
§ 149. Michael Psellus
§ 150. Euthymius Zigabenus
§ 151. Eustathius of Thessalonica
§ 152. Nicetas Acominatos
II. Latin Authors
§ 153. Cassiodorus
§ 154. St. Gregory of Tours
§ 155. St. Isidore of Seville
§ 156. The Venerable Bede
§ 157. Paul the Deacon
§ 158. St. Paulinus of Aquileia
§ 159. Alcuin
§ 160. St. Liudger
§ 161. Theodulph of Orleans
§ 162. St. Eigil
§ 163. Amalarius
§ 164. Einhard
§ 165. Smaragdus
§ 166. Jonas of Orleans
§ 167. Rabanus Maurua
§ 168. Haymo of Halberstadt
§ 169. Walahfrid Strabo
§ 170. Florus Magister of Lyons
§ 171. Servatus Lupus
§ 172. Druthmar
§ 173. St. Paschasius Radbertus
§ 174. Ratramnus
§ 175. Hincmar of Rheims
§ 176. Johannes Scotus Erigena
§ 177. Anastasius
§ 178. Ratherius of Verona
§ 179. Gerbert (Sylvester II.)
§ 180. Fulbert of Chartres
§ 181. Rodulfus Glaber. Adam of Bremen
§ 182. St. Peter Damiani
Volume 5: The Middle Ages from Gregory VII., 1049, to Boniface VIII., 1294
Preface to Volume 5
From Gregory VII. to Boniface VIII. 1049 to 1294
§ 1. General Literature
§ 2. Introductory Survey
Chapter I: The Hildebrandian Popes. 1049-1073
§ 3. Sources and Literature on Chapters I. and II
§ 4. Hildebrand and his Training
§ 5. Hildebrand and Leo IX. 1049-1054
§ 6. Victor II. and Stephen IX. (X.) 1055-1058
§ 7. Nicolas II. and the Cardinals. 1059-1061
§ 8. The War against Clerical Marriage
§ 9. Alexander II. and the Schism of Cadalus. 1061-1073
Chapter II. Gregory VII. 1073-1085
§ 10. Hildebrand Elected Pope. His Views on the Situation
§ 11. The Gregorian Theocracy
§ 12. Gregory VII. as a Moral Reformer
§ 13. The Enforcement of Sacerdotal Celibacy
§ 14. The War over Investiture
§ 15. Gregory VII. and Henry IV.
§ 16. Canossa. 1077
§ 17. Renewal of the Conflict. Two Kings and Two Popes
§ 18. Death of Gregory VII.
Chapter III: The Papacy From the Death of Gregory VII. to the Concordat of Worms. 1085-1122
§ 19. Victor III. and Urban II. 1086-1099
§ 20. Pascal II. and Henry V. 1099-1118
§ 21. The Concordat of Worms. 1122
§ 22. The Conflict of the Hierarchy in England
§ 23. William Rufus and Anselm
§ 24. Anselm and Henry I.
Chapter IV: The Papacy from the Concordat of Worms to Innocent III. 1122-1198
§ 25. Innocent II. and Eugenius III.
§ 26. Arnold of Brescia
§ 27. The Popes and the Hohenstaufen
§ 28. Adrian IV. and Frederick Barbarossa
§ 29. Alexander III. in Conflict with Barbarossa
§ 30. The Peace of Venice. 1177
§ 31. Thomas Becket and Henry II. of England
§ 32. The Archbishop and the King
§ 33. The Martyrdom of Thomas Becket. Dec. 29, 1170
§ 34. The Effects of Becket’s Murder
Chapter V: Innocent III. and His Age. 1198-1216
§ 35. Literature
§ 36. Innocent’s Training and Election
§ 37. Innocent’s Theory of the Papacy
§ 38. Innocent and the German Empire
§ 39. Innocent and King John of England
§ 40. Innocent and Magna Charta
§ 41. The Fourth Lateran Council, 1215
Chapter VI: The Papacy from the Death of Innocent III. to Boniface VIII. 1216-1294
§ 42. The Papal Conflict With Frederick II. Begun
§ 43. Gregory IX. and Frederick II. 1227-1241
§ 44. The Close of Frederick’s Career. 1250
§ 45. The Last of the Hohenstaufen
§ 46. The Empire and Papacy at Peace. 1271-1294
Chapter VII: The Crusades
§ 47. Literature on the Crusades as a Whole
§ 48. Character and Causes of the Crusades
§ 49. The Call to the Crusades
§ 50. The First Crusade and the Capture of Jerusalem
§ 51. The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1099-1187
§ 52. The Fall of Edessa and the Second Crusade
§ 53. The Third Crusade. 1189-1192
§ 54. The Children’s Crusades
§ 55. The Fourth Crusade and Capture of Constantinople
§ 56. Frederick II. and the Fifth Crusade. 1229
§ 57. St. Louis and the Last Crusades. 1248, 1270
§ 58. Last Stronghold of the Crusaders in Palestine
§ 59. Effects of the Crusades
§ 60. The Military Orders
Chapter VIII: The Monastic Orders
§ 61. The Revival of Monasticism
§ 62. Monasticism and the Papacy
§ 63. The Monks of Cluny
§ 64. The Cistercians
§ 65. St. Bernard of Clairvaux
§ 66. The Augustinians, Carthusians, etc.
§ 67. Monastic Prophets
§ 68. The Mendicant Orders
§ 69. Franciscan Literature
§ 70. St. Francis d’Assisi
§ 71. The Franciscans
§ 72. St. Dominic and the Dominicans
Chapter IX: Missions
§ 73. Literature and General Survey
§ 74. Missions in Northeastern Germany
§ 75. Missions among the Mohammedans
§ 76. Missions among the Mongols
§ 77. The Jews
Chapter X: Heresy and its Suppression
§ 78. Literature for the Entire Chapter
§ 79. The Medieval Dissenters
§ 80. The Cathari
§ 81. Peter de Bruys and Other Independent Leaders
§ 82. The Amaurians and Other Isolated Sects
§ 83. The Beguines and Beghards
§ 84. The Waldenses
§ 85. The Crusades against the Albigenses
§ 86. The Inquisition. Its Origin and Purpose
§ 87. The Inquisition. Its Mode of Procedure
Chapter XI: Universities and Cathedrals
§ 88. Schools
§ 89. Books and Libraries
§ 90. The Universities
§ 91. The University of Bologna
§ 92. The University of Paris
§ 93. Oxford and Cambridge
§ 94. The Cathedrals
Chapter XII: Scholastic and Mystic Theology
§ 95. Literature and General Introduction
§ 96. Sources and Development of Scholasticism
§ 97. Realism and Nominalism
§ 98. Anselm of Canterbury
§ 99. Peter Abelard
§ 100. Abelard’s Teachings and Theology
§ 101. Younger Contemporaries of Abelard
§ 102. Peter the Lombard and the Summists
§ 103. Mysticism
§ 104. St. Bernard as a Mystic
§ 105. Hugo and Richard of St. Victor
Chapter XIII: Scholasticism at its Height
§ 106. Alexander of Hales
§ 107. Albertus Magnus
§ 108. Thomas Aquinas
§ 109. Bonaventura
§ 110. Duns Scotus
§ 111. Roger Bacon
Chapter XIV: The Sacramental System
§ 112. Literature on the Sacraments
§ 113. The Seven Sacraments
§ 114. Baptism and Confirmation
§ 115. The Eucharist
§ 116. Eucharistic Practice and Superstition
§ 117. Penance and Indulgences
§ 118. Penance and Indulgences
§ 119. Extreme Unction, Ordination, and Marriage
§ 120. Sin and Grace
§ 121. The Future State
Chapter XV: Pope and Clergy
§ 122. The Canon Law
§ 123. The Papal Supremacy in Church and State
§ 124. The Pope and the Curia
§ 125. The Bishops
§ 126. The Lower Clergy
§ 127. The Councils
§ 128. The Church and Clergy in England
§ 129. Two English Bishops
Chapter XVI: Popular Worship and Superstition
§ 130. The Worship of Mary
§ 131. The Worship of Relics
§ 132. The Sermon
§ 133. Hymns and Sacred Poetry
§ 134. The Religious Drama
§ 135. The Flagellants
§ 136. Demonology and the Dark Arts
§ 137. The Age Passing Judgment upon Itself
Volume 6: The Middle Ages: From Boniface VIII., 1294, to the Protestant Reformation, 1517
Preface to Volume 6
The Sixth Period of Church History: From Boniface VIII. to Martin Luther. a.d. 1294-1517
§ 1. Introductory Survey
Chapter I: The Decline of the Papacy and the Avignon Exile. a.d. 1294-1377
§ 2. Sources and Literature
§ 3. Pope Boniface VIII. 1294-1303
§ 4. Boniface VIII. and Philip the Fair of France
§ 5. Literary Attacks against the Papacy
§ 6. The Transfer of the Papacy to Avignon
§ 7. The: Pontificate of John XXII. 1316-1334
§ 8. The Papal Office Assailed
§ 9. The Financial Policy of the Avignon Popes
§ 10. The Later Avignon Popes
§ 11. The Reestablishment of the Papacy in Rome. 1377
Chapter II: The Papal Schism and the Reformatory Councils. 1378-1449
§ 12. Sources and Literature
§ 13. The Schism Begun. 1378
§ 14. Further Progress of the Schism. 1378-1409
§ 15. The Council of Pisa. 1409
§ 16. The Council of Constance. 1414-1418
§ 17. The Council of Basel. 1431-1449
§ 18. The Council of Ferrara-Florence 1438-1445
Chapter III: Leaders of Catholic Thought
§ 19. Sources and Literature
§ 20. Ockam and the Decay of Scholasticism
§ 21. Catherine of Siena, the Saint
§ 22. Peter d’Ailly, Ecclesiastical Statesman
§ 23. John Gersow, Theologian and Church Leader
§ 24. Nicolas of Clamanges, the Moralist
§ 25. Nicolas of Cusa, Scholar and Churchman
§ 26. Popular Preachers
Chapter IV: The German Mystics
§ 27. Sources and Literature
§ 28. The New Mysticism
§ 29. Meister Eckart
§ 30. John Tauler of Strassburg
§ 31. Henry Suso
§ 32. The Friends of God
§ 33. John of Ruysbroeck
§ 34. Gerrit De Groote. The Brothers of the Common Life
§ 35. The Imitation of Christ. Thomas à Kempis
§ 36. The German Theology
§ 37. English Mystics
Chapter V: Reformers Before the Reformation
§ 38. Sources and Literature
§ 39. The Church in England in the 14th Century
§ 40. John Wyclif
§ 41. Wyclif’s Teachings
§ 42. Wyclif and the Scriptures
§ 43. The Lollards
§ 44. John Huss of Bohemia
§ 45. Huss at Constance
§ 46. Jerome of Prag
§ 47. The Hussites
Chapter VI: The Last Popes of the Middle Ages. 1417-1521
§ 48. Literature and General Survey
§ 49. Nicolas V. 1447-1455
§ 50. Aeneas Sylvius de’ Piccolomini, Pius II.
§ 51. Paul II. 1464-1471
§ 52. Sixtus IV. 1471-1484
§ 53. Innocent VIII. 1484-1492
§ 54. Pope Alexander VI. — Borgia. 1492-1503
§ 55. Julius II., the Warrior-Pope. 1503-1513
§ 56. Leo X. 1513-1521
Chapter VII: Heresy and Witchcraft
§ 57. Sources and Literature
§ 58. Heretical and Unchurchly Movements
§ 59. Witchcraft and Its Punishment
§ 60. The Spanish Inquisition
Chapter VIII: The Renaissance
§ 61. Sources and Literature
§ 62. The Intellectual Awakening
§ 63. Dante, Petrarca, Boccaccio
§ 64. Progress of Classical Studies
§ 65. Greek Teachers and Italian Humanists
§ 66. The Artists
§ 67. The Revival of Paganism
§ 68. German Humanism
§ 69. Reuchlin and Erasmus
§ 70. Humanism in France
§ 71. Humanism in England
Chapter IX: The Pulpit and Popular Piety
§ 72. Literature
§ 73. The Clergy
§ 74. Preaching
§ 75. Doctrinal Reformers
§ 76. Savonarola
§ 77. Study and Circulation of the Bible
§ 78. Popular Piety
§ 79. Works of Charity
§ 80. The Sale of Indulgences
Chapter X: The Close of the Middle Ages
Volume 7: Modern Christianity: The German Reformation
Preface to Volume 7
History of the Reformation 1517-1648
Chapter I: Orientation: Medieval and Modern Christianity
§ 1. The Turning Point of Modern History
§ 2. Protestantism and Romanism
§ 3. Necessity of a Reformation
§ 4. Preparations for the Reformation
§ 5. The Genius and Aim of the Reformation
§ 6. The Authority of the Scriptures
§ 7. Justification by Faith
§ 8. The Priesthood of the Laity
§ 9. The Reformation and Rationalism
§ 10. Protestantism and Denominationalism
§ 11. Protestantism and Religious Liberty
§ 12. Religious Intolerance and Liberty in England and America
§ 13. Chronological Limits
§ 14. General Literature on the Reformation
First Book: The German Reformation, till the Diet of Augsburg 1517-1530
Chapter II: Luther’s Training for the Reformation (1483-1517)
§ 15. Literature on the German Reformation
§ 16. Germany and the Reformation
§ 17. The Luther Literature
§ 18. Luther’s Youth and Training
§ 19. Luther in the University of Erfurt
§ 20. Luther’s Conversion
§ 21. Luther as a Monk
§ 22. Luther and Staupitz
§ 23. The Victory of Justifying Faith
§ 24. Luther Ordained to the Priesthood
§ 25. Luther in Rome
§ 26. The University of Wittenberg
§ 27. Luther as Professor till 1517. His Exegetical Lectures
§ 28. Luther and Mysticism. The Theologia Germanica
§ 29. The Penitential Psalms. The Eve of the Reformation
Chapter III: The Reformation from the Publication of Luther’s Theses to the Diet of Worms (1517-1521)
§ 30. The Sale of Indulgences
§ 31. Luther and Tetzel
§ 32. The Ninety-Five theses (Oct. 31, 1517)
Notes. — Text of the Theses
§ 33. The Theses Controversy
§ 34. Rome’s Interposition: Luther and Prierias. 1518
§ 35. Luther and Cajetan (October, 1518)
§ 36. Luther and Miltitz (January, 1519)
§ 37. The Leipzig Disputation (June and July, 1519)
§ 38. Philip Melanchthon, Literature
§ 39. Melanchthon’s Training
§ 40. Melanchthon’s Early Labors
§ 41. Luther and Melanchthon
§ 42. Ulrich von Hutten and Luther
§ 43. Luther’s Crusade against Popery (1520)
§ 44. The Address to the German Nobility (July, 1520)
§ 45. The Babylonian Captivity of the Church (October, 1520)
§ 46. Christian Freedom. Luther’s Third and Last Letter to the Pope (October, 1520)
§ 47. The Bull of Excommunication (June 15, 1520)
Notes. — Text of the Papal Bull
§ 48. Luther Burns the Pope’s Bull, and Forever Breaks with Rome (Dec. 10, 1520)
§ 49. The Reformation and the Papacy
§ 50. Emperor Charles V.
§ 51. The Ecclesiastical Policy of Charles V.
§ 52. The Abdication of Charles, and His Cloister-Life
§ 53. The Diet of Worms (1521)
§ 54. Luther’s Journey to Worms
§ 55. Luther’s Testimony Before the Diet of Worms (April 17 and 18, 1521)
§ 56. Reflections on Luther’s Testimony
§ 57. Private Conferences. Conduct of the Emperor
§ 58. The Ban of the Empire (May 8 (26), 1521)
§ 59. State of Public Opinion. Popular Literature
Chapter IV: The Reformation from the Diet of Worms to the Peasants’ War (1521-1525)
§ 60. A New Phase in the History of the Reformation
§ 61. Luther at the Wartburg (April, 1521, to March, 1522)
§ 62. Luther’s Translation of the Bible
Notes. — The Pre-Lutheran German Bible
§ 63. A Critical Estimate of Luther’s Version
Notes. — The Revision of Luther’s Version, and the Anglo-American Revision of King James’s Version
§ 64. Melanchthon’s Theology. Loci Theologici
§ 65. Protestant Radicalism. Disturbances at Erfurt
§ 66. The Revolution at Wittenberg. Carlstadt and the New Prophets
§ 67. Luther Returns to Wittenberg (March, 1522)
§ 68. Luther Restores Order in Wittenberg. The End of Carlstadt
§ 69. The Diets of Nürnberg (1522-1524). Pope Adrian VI.
§ 70. Luther and Henry VIII. (1522)
§ 71. Desiderius Erasmus
§ 72. Erasmus and the Reformation
§ 73. The Free-Will Controversy (1524-1527)
§ 74. Wilibald Pirkheimer
§ 75. The Peasants’ War (1523-1525)
Chapter V: The Inner Development of the Reformation, from the Peasants’ War to the Diet of Augsburg (1525-1530)
§ 76. The Three Electors
§ 77. Luther’s Marriage
§ 78. Luther’s Home-Life and Private Character
§ 79. Reflections on Clerical Family Life
§ 80. Reformation of Public Worship
§ 81. Prominent Features of Evangelical Worship
§ 82. Beginnings of Evangelical Hymnody
§ 83. Luther and Common Schools
§ 84. Reconstruction of Church Government and Discipline
§ 85. Enlarged Conception of the Church. Augustin, Wiclif, Hus, Luther
Notes. — Luther’s Views on the Church Fathers
§ 86. Changes in the Views of the Ministry. Departure From the Episcopal Succession. Luther Ordains a Deacon and Consecrates a Bishop
§ 87. Relation of Church and State
§ 88. Church Visitation in Saxony
§ 89. Luther’s Catechisms (1529)
§ 90. The Typical Catechisms of Protestantism
Chapter VI: Propagation and Persecution of Protestantism
§ 91. Causes and Means of Progress
§ 92. The Printing-Press and the Reformation
§ 93. Protestantism in Saxony
§ 94. The Reformation in Nürnberg
§ 95. The Reformation in Strassburg
§ 96. Protestantism in North Germany
§ 97. Protestantism in Augsburg and South Germany
§ 98. The Reformation in Hesse
§ 99. The Reformation in Prussia
§ 100. Protestant Martyrs
Chapter VII: The Sacramentarian Controversies
§ 101. Sacerdotalism and Sacramentalism
§ 102. The Anabaptist Controversy. Luther and Hübmaier
§ 103. The Eucharistic Controversy
§ 104. Luther’s Theory before the Controversy
§ 105. Luther and Carlstadt
§ 106. Luther and Zwingli
§ 107. The Marburg Conference
§ 108. The Marburg Conference (continued). Discussion and Result
Note. — On the Origin of the Sentence: In necessariis unitas, etc.
§ 109. Luther’s Last Attack on the Sacramentarians. His Relation to Calvin
§ 110. Reflections on the Ethics of the Eucharistic Controversy
§ 111. The Eucharistic Theories Compared. Luther, Zwingli, Calvin
Chapter VIII: The Political Situation Between 1526 and 1529
§ 112. The First Diet of Speier, and the Beginning of the Territorial System (1526)
§ 113. The Emperor and the: Pope. The Sacking of Rome (1527)
§ 114. A War Panic (1528)
§ 115. The Second Diet of Speier, and the Protest (1529)
§ 116. The Reconciliation of the Emperor and the Pope. The Crowning of the Emperor (1529)
Chapter IX: The Diet and Confession of Augsburg (1530)
§ 117. The Diet of Augsburg
§ 118. The Negotiations, the Recess of Augsburg, and the Peace of Nürnberg
§ 119. The Confession of Augsburg
§ 120. The Confutation and the Apology
§ 121. The Tetrapolitan Confession
§ 122. Zwingli’s Confession
§ 123. Luther at the Coburg
§ 124. Luther’s Public Character, and Place in History
§ 125. Ein Feste Burg Ist Unser Gott
Volume 8: Modern Christianity: The Swiss Reformation
Prefaces to Volume 8
Second Book: The Swiss Reformation
Chapter I: Introduction
§ 1. Switzerland before the Reformation
§ 2. The Swiss Reformation
§ 3. The Genius of the Swiss Reformation compared with the German
§ 4. Literature on the Swiss Reformation
Chapter II: Zwingli’s Training. a.d. 1484-1519
§ 5. The Zwingli Literature
§ 6. Zwingli’s Birth and Education
§ 7. Zwingli in Glarus. (Notes on His Moral Character)
§ 8. Zwingli in Einsiedeln
§ 9. Zwingli and Luther
Chapter III: The Reformation in Zürich. 1519-1526
§ 10. Zwingli called to Zürich
§ 11. Zwingli’s Public Labors and Private Studies
§ 12. Zwingli and the Sale of Indulgences
§ 13. Zwingli during the Pestilence
§ 14. The Open Breach. Controversy about Fasts, 1522
§ 15. Petition for the Abolition of Clerical Celibacy. Zwingli’s Marriage
§ 16. Zwingli and Lambert of Avignon
§ 17. Zwingli’s Sixty-Seven Articles, 1523
§ 18. The Public Disputations, 1523
§ 19. The Abolition of the Roman Worship, 1524
§ 20. The Reformed Celebration of the Lord’s Supper, 1525
§ 21. Other Changes. A Theological School. A System of Theology
§ 22. The Translation of the Bible. Leo Judae
§ 23. Church and State
§ 24. Zwingli’s Conflict with Radicalism
§ 25. The Baptismal Controversy
§ 26. Persecution of the Anabaptists
§ 27. The Eucharistic Controversy
§ 28. The Works of Zwingli
§ 29. The Theology of Zwingli
Chapter IV: Spread of the Reformation in German Switzerland and the Grisons
§ 30. The Swiss Diet and the Conference at Baden, 1526
§ 31. The Reformation in Berne
§ 32. The Reformation in Basel. (Oecolampadius)
§ 33. The Reformation in Glarus. Tschudi. Glareanus
§ 34. The Reformation in St. Gall, Toggenburg, and Appenzell. Watt and Kessler
§ 35. The Reformation in Schaffhausen. Hofmeister
§ 36. The Grisons (Graubünden)
§ 37. The Reformation in the Grisons
§ 38. The Reformation in the Italian Valleys of the Grisons. Vergerio
§ 39. Protestantism in Chiavenna and the Valtellina, and its Suppression. The Valtellina Massacre. George Jenatsch
§ 40. The Congregation of Locarno
§ 41. Zwinglianism in Germany
Chapter V: The Civil and Religious War between the Roman Catholic and Reformed Cantons
§ 42. The First War of Cappel, 1529
§ 43. The First Peace of Cappell, June, 1529
§ 44. Between the Wars. Political Plans of Zwingli
§ 45. Zwingli’s Last Confession of Faith
§ 46. The Second War of Cappel, 1531
§ 47. Death of Zwingli, Oct. 11, 1531
§ 48. Reflections on the Disaster at Cappel
§ 49. The Second Peace of Cappel, November, 1531
§ 50. The Roman Catholic Reaction
§ 51. The Relative Strength of Romanism and Protestantism
§ 52. Zwingli Redivivus
Chapter VI: The Period of Consolidation
§ 53. Literature
§ 54. Heinrich Bullinger
§ 55. Antistes Breitinger
§ 56. Oswald Myconius
§ 57. The Helvetic Confessions of Faith
Third Book: The Reformation in French Switzerland, or the Calvinistic Movement
Chapter VII: The Preparatory Work. From 1526 to 1536
§ 58. Literature on Calvin and the Reformation in French Switzerland
§ 59. The Situation of French Switzerland before the Reformation
§ 60. William Farel (1489-1565)
§ 61. Farel in Geneva. The First Act of the Reformation
§ 62. The Last Labors of Farel
§ 63. Peter Viret and the Reformation in Lausanne
§ 64. Antoine Froment
Chapter VIII: John Calvin and His Work. From 1536 to 1564
§ 65. John Calvin compared with the Older Reformers
§ 66. Calvin’s Place in History
§ 67. Calvin’s Literary Labors
§ 68. Tributes to the Merits of Calvin
Chapter IX: From France to Switzerland. 1509-1636
§ 69. Calvin’s Youth and Training
§ 70. Calvin as a Student in the French Universities
§ 71. Calvin as a Humanist. Commentary on Seneca, 1532
§ 72. Calvin’s Conversion, 1532
§ 73. Calvin’s Call
§ 74. The Open Rupture. An Academic Oration, 1533
§ 75. Persecution of the Protestants in Paris, 1534
§ 76. Calvin as a Wandering Evangelist, 1533-1536
§ 77. The Sleep of the Soul, 1534
§ 78. Calvin at Basel, 1535-1536
§ 79. Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion, 1536
§ 80. From Basel to Ferrara and Geneva. The Duchess Renee
Chapter X: Calvin’s First Sojourn and Labors in Geneva. 1536-1538
§ 81. Calvin’s Arrival and Settlement at Geneva, 1636
§ 82. First Labors and Trials
§ 83. The Reformers Introduce Order and Discipline
§ 84. Expulsion of the Reformers. 1538
Chapter XI: Calvin in Germany. From 1538 to 1541
§ 85. Calvin in Strassburg
§ 86. The Church of the Strangers in Strassburg
§ 87. The Liturgy of Calvin
§ 88. Calvin as Theological Teacher and Author
§ 89. Calvin at the Colloquies of Worms and Regensburg
§ 90. Calvin and Melanchthon
§ 91. Calvin and Sadolet. The Vindication of the Reformation
§ 92. Calvin’s Marriage and Home Life
Chapter XII: Calvin’s Second Sojourn and Labors at Geneva. 1541-1564
§ 93. The State of Geneva after the Expulsion of the Reformers
§ 94. Calvin’s Recall to Geneva
§ 95. Calvin’s Return to Geneva, 1541
§ 96. The First Years after the Return (1541-1545)
§ 97. Survey of Calvin’s Activity
Chapter XIII: Constitution and Discipline of the Church of Geneva
§ 98. Literature
§ 99. Calvin’s Idea of the Holy Catholic Church
§ 100. The Visible and Invisible Church
§ 101. The Civil Government
§ 102. Distinctive Principles of Calvin’s Church Polity
§ 103. Church and State
§ 104. The Ecclesiastical Ordinances
§ 105. The Venerable Company and the Consistory
§ 106. Calvin’s Theory of Discipline
§ 107. The Exercise of Discipline in Geneva
§ 108. Calvin’s Struggle with the Patriots and Libertines
§ 109. The Leaders of the Libertines and their Punishment: — Gruet, Perrin, Ameaux, Vandel, Berthelier
§ 110. Geneva Regenerated. Impartial Testimonies
Chapter XIV: The Theology of Calvin
§ 111. Calvin’s Commentaries
§ 112. The Calvinistic System
§ 113. The Doctrine of Predestination
§ 114. Calvinism Examined
§ 115. Calvin’s Theory of the Sacraments
§ 116. Baptism
§ 117. The Lord’s Supper. The Consensus of Zürich
Chapter XV: Doctrinal Controversies
§ 118. Calvin as a Controversialist
§ 119. Calvin and Pighius
§ 120. The Anti-Papal Writings. Criticism of the Council Trent, 1547
§ 121. Against the German Interim, 1549
§ 122. Against the Worship of Relics, 1543
§ 123. The Articles of the Sorbonne with an Antidote, 1544
§ 124. Calvin and the Nicodemites, 1544
§ 125. Calvin and Bolsec
§ 126. Calvin and Castellio
§ 127. Calvin and Unitarianism. The Italian Refugees
§ 128. Calvin and Lelius Socinus
§ 129. Bernardino Ochino
§ 130. Celius Secundus Curio, 1503-1569
§ 131. The Italian Antitrinitarians in Geneva. Gribaldo, Biandrata, Alciati, Gentile
§ 132. The Eucharistic Controversies. Calvin and Westphal
§ 133. Calvin and the Augsburg Confession. Melanchthon’s Position in the Second Eucharistic Controversy
§ 134. Calvin and Heshusius
§ 135. Calvin and the Astrologers
Chapter XVI: Servetus: His Life, Trial, and Execution
§ 136. The Servetus Literature
§ 137. Calvin and Servetus
§ 138. Catholic Intolerance
§ 139. Protestant Intolerance. Judgments of the Reformers on Servetus
§ 140. The Early Life of Servetus
§ 141. The Book against the Holy Trinity
§ 142. Servetus as a Geographer
§ 143. Servetus as a Physician, Scientist, and Astrologer
§ 144. Servetus at Vienne. His Annotations on the Bible
§ 145. Correspondence of Servetus with Calvin
§ 146. “The Restitution of Christianity”
§ 147. The Theological System of Servetus
§ 148. Trial of Servetus at Vienne
§ 149. Arrival and Arrest of Servetus in Geneva
§ 150. State of Political Parties at Geneva in 1553
§ 151. The First Act of the Trial at Geneva
§ 152. The Second Act of the Trial at Geneva
§ 153. Consultation of the Swiss Churches. The Defiant Attitude of Servetus
§ 154. Condemnation of Servetus
§ 155. Execution of Servetus, Oct. 27, 1553
§ 156. The Character of Servetus
§ 157. Calvin’s Defence of the Death Penalty of Heretics
§ 158. A Plea for Religious Liberty. Castellio and Beza
Chapter XVII: Calvin Abroad
§ 159. Calvin’s Catholicity of Spirit
§ 160. Geneva the Asylum of Protestants from all Countries
§ 161. The Academy of Geneva for Training Ministers of the Reformed Churches at Home and Abroad
§ 162. Calvin’s Influence upon the Reformed Churches of the Continent
§ 163. Calvin’s Influence on the British Reformation
Chapter XVIII: Closing Scenes in the Life of Calvin
§ 164. Calvin’s Death and Burial
§ 165. Calvin’s Testament and Farewells
§ 166. Calvin’s Personal Character
Chapter XIX: Theodore Beza
§ 167. The Youth of Beza
§ 168. Beza at Lausanne and as Delegate to the German Princes
§ 169. Beza at Geneva till the Death of Calvin
§ 170. Beza at the Conference of Poissy
§ 171. Beza as the Counsellor of the Huguenot Leaders
§ 172. Beza as the Successor of Calvin, down to 1586
§ 173. Beza’s Conferences with Lutherans
§ 174. Beza and Henry IV.
§ 175. Beza’s Last Days
§ 176. Beza’s Writings
Literature on the Reformation in France